Chapter 1907 Father’swatch (15)

  On the foggy Austerlitz battlefield, the Anti-French Alliance first launched an attack on the Platzen Heights and the seemingly weak right wing.

  In the coalition’s vision, the right wing could easily be captured and then encircled and annihilated the French army with the Central Army.

However, the right-wing French army did retreat easily at the beginning, but it did not collapse as the coalition had imagined. Instead, it dragged down more coalition forces. At the same time, the French army re-occupied the highlands. Tsar Alexander I fought in order to retake the highlands. The reserve team.

Santo Domingo can be understood as the right wing that attracts coalition forces. If Napoleon and the commander of the coalition continue to invest in troops, it will form a deadly quagmire, which not only consumes military expenditure and strength, but also defeats confidence. However, illness especially affects morale.

  And the people of Santo Domingo will resist desperately. Guadeloupe’s slave rebels would rather blew themselves up than be slaves. This kind of battlefield where the fishes die and the dead ends together is not Europe, and each other prefers to treat the prisoners.

After the fight, the Poles refused to carry out the order. The Swiss mercenaries in Marseille heard that they were going to Santo Domingo before they boarded the ship. Mutiny took place. The rich land that was once very rich and produced a lot of cane sugar became a lot of people. Fear, no longer want to go.

  Life is a necessity. As a kind of social existence, it is impossible for everyone to meet all his needs by himself. The United States of America in the early days of the founding of the country also needed European goods.

  Relying on social division of labor and exchanges, individuals will find ways to struggle freely, and they will also meet some of their needs, but some needs, and the most basic needs, may not be self-sufficient. As for the large and extensive national defense, it is beyond the affordability of any individual. It is impossible for these individuals to do so and the necessities that are vital to the life and death of the entire society and each member constitute a common interest, which can also be called a public interest.

  Common interests cover the needs of all people, and satisfying these needs affects the destiny of individuals. It will continue to change with the times, social patterns, public psychology, and technological development. The development of science and technology is enough to change the structure of society, such as the change of transportation capacity, the process of transforming from animal power to steam engine and then to electricity, the number of horses will gradually decrease, and the number of workers in power plants will increase instead.

  This force is so powerful that administrative law cannot form a code like other laws. The first to form a code in the United Kingdom and the United States is the real estate code, because real estate is stable and difficult to change.

  The construction of the “superstructure” requires an excellent designer. If it is not stable enough to withstand the wind and rain, it will collapse. If the people living in the house are still shaking the pillars in it, it will collapse without wind and rain.

  Bentham believes that the "best interest" is the greatest interest of most people, and it is social, but in actual operation, it is found that everyone is acting in accordance with the maximization of their own value and interests. Slavery, the cruel exploitation of workers, the wizard from the East said to Severus the words "best interests" very much like the British said.

  Common interests do not necessarily have profits, so no one will take the initiative to bear them, but it is also a matter of life and death and cannot be achieved by personal strength.

  Unity is very important for a republic that has common needs and wants to realize common interests. The neighbour of the French Republic, the Netherlands, was already a republic in the time of Louis XIV, and their administrative power was very large at that time.

  The separation of powers in English is checks and balance, French is separation despouvoirs, and German is Gewaltenteilung. These three words focus on "check and balance", "separation" and "power distribution."

In the British representative system and the American presidential system, in order to prevent two monkeys from uniting and killing one monkey, the monarch and the president need to have veto power, so that even if one monkey makes a mistake, the other two cannot sanction it. The monkey is about the same size.

  The administration and justice of France are mixed together, which was created by the Paris High Court. In the era of the monarchy, the Paris High Court not only has judicial functions, but also administrative functions. The right to register and remonstrate the king’s pardon is also in the hands of the judge, which means that the king’s order must be registered by the Paris court to take effect. Therefore, Paris Judges often used the right to register against the king.

When Louis XV planned to reform finances, the Paris judges used this power, and then they were exiled, and the king carried out the Maupu reform. This reform was very unpopular. Louis XVI took Maupu as soon as he came to power. The operation was performed and won the cheers of the people of Paris.

There is no representative system in France. Although the people of the Republic’s eight-year system do not exercise any public responsibilities, they can lay down a person of trust for everyone. It is just like the ancient anarchic democracy did. It does not make laws, do not engage in management, and do nothing. Judgment, but the legislators, rulers and judges always choose from the people it chooses. The electoral list is selected based on the amount of tax paid. It is not like a rock star to go to various places to solicit votes. The promises on the stage are good, and there is little implementation after being elected. Participation funds are also obtained from lobbying or political donations. For example, the banquet held by Henry Shaw was sponsored by rich people. Only with this money can candidates have the opportunity to package and promote themselves. Otherwise, who will vote for you if others don’t know you? This kind of democracy is actually a game for the rich, with fewer people paying, and tax avoidance transfer of assets is the norm.

French administrative law is similar to commonly issued case law. French administrative judges’ judgments are personal works and do not favor common law private law. Especially when it comes to the independence of administrative law, the core lies in French administrative pursuits. The goal is the common interest, which contradicts ordinary private law.

When the relationship between the administrative agency and the individual, the common interest represented by the administrative agency and the private interest of the governed will inevitably conflict. At this time, the principle of equality does not apply, and the common interest is higher than the private interest. The latter generally also said obey.

  For example, the administrative agency wants to use a private site to build a facility for the entire collective use, and the owner refuses to sell it, then the administrative agency is given coercive means to force the transfer under the conditions of various guarantees to the owner.

  Napoleon's nationalization of private tobacco is also based on this. Tobacco tax is a very important income, and because of his high tax rate, smuggled cigarettes are popular.

  Local public construction and charity expenses have been recovered from the central government. Local governments do not need to build roads. The central government assigns professional construction teams to build roads, canals and bridges.

  Centralization can determine the administrative budget and control the appropriation of funds, thereby dominating administrative activities. The abolition of tax privileges is also one of the fruits of the Great Revolution. Repairing the former royal gardens can be used not only for viewing, but also for holding some ceremonies and commercial activities, and earning a small amount of money to make up for it, so that the cost of appropriation and maintenance can be reduced in the future.

  There is an American proverb: If it’s not broken, then don’t fix it.

  Now the main military avenues were all built during the Louis XIV period and have not changed for decades.

Before Rousseau, Montesquieu and Diderot also discussed public will. In their eyes, God’s grace and egoism are the root of all evils. However, pursuing personal interests is a normal motive, and it is not profitable. No one will take the initiative to undertake things, and there is no motivation to develop new technologies or integrate resources. Market competition is the survival of the fittest, and spending more money on poor-quality services is equally detrimental to the public interest.

Diderot said in the "Encyclopedia": Public will is a pure act of understanding for everyone. This understanding may secretly make people demand the same people as him, and those who are the same as him. This has the power to ask his passion to reason. In this case, the common will is not synonymous with the will of the people. It is more reminiscent of the concept of "self-evidence".

For example, the flowers in the park cannot be picked, and you cannot urinate or urinate anywhere, because this is in a public place. The common interest is higher than the personal interest. The common interest and the freedom of birth are listed in Article 1 of the Declaration of Human Rights. Picking flowers will definitely be prevented. What did the blocking person think?

Before Rousseau, the concept of public will did not resort to political legalization in French philosophical culture. We are equal and not plucking flowers. Everyone does not enjoy the freedom to do whatever they want, or it is the behavior that harms the public and the private, eliminates corruption and streamlines the organization. It is also one of the fruits of the Great Revolution.

In history, Napoleon restored the tobacco tax in 1810. Austerlitz fought and Trafalgar fought. The European continent had already surrendered, and then Russia would be defeated. It is not necessary to prepare an expeditionary army like that. It can be assembled in a month or two.

  He started to lose control at that time.

  He couldn't go by sea, he could only expand on land, and could not keep up with the road conditions on the European continent at that time.

  Fighting with war not only caused disasters to the local residents, but if the scorched earth policy was the same as Russia, there would be no chance of replenishment at all. In the end, the cavalry would have to kill horses to fill their hunger.

  Compared with the Anglo-Saxon system, the British system adheres to the opposite logic. They emphasize the coordination of the rights of the government and the rights of the individual. The Corn Law and the Irish Famine are examples.

  To put it bluntly, the Anglo-Saxon system is more like a protector of individual rights. The enlightenment that advocated political rationality and public will suddenly broke in 1789. The opinion adopted at that time was that law is a manifestation of public will.

If France has an uncrowned king, it is public will and common interest. It was crowned in 1789 without a crown. It is reflected in the "Declaration of Human Rights": everyone can obtain happiness, and social differences can only be established on the basis of public welfare. .

The reason why administrative judges pursue flexibility is to try to balance the rights and freedoms of the communists. Judges can follow their own propositions. For example, Pomona uses Sackley's law to judge corpse cases. This is not absolutely fair. The British do not. Why do you apologize and lose money? This is an equity. Just like the abandonment case, the abandoned wife only has a house. The bank took the mortgage and where did she live?

The delicate flowers need to be cared for. The Americans love to engage in land speculation. When the French Revolution swept away the ranks and privileges, the civil law still paid attention to what it was previously concerned about. The Napoleonic Code was based on civil customs and the laws issued by the monarch. After proper editing and localization, it can still be applied to Quebec, where it was not affected by the Great Revolution.

The dark and rough man in the garden of Marie Antoinette, sitting by the palace of love, was Marquis de Vaudreuil. He was not only Marie Antoinette’s friend, he was also Governor of Canada.

  If the American War of Independence was to defend the representative system of the thirteen states, then the annexation of Louisiana may shake this "eternal social covenant", and the Constituent Assembly has passed vaguely once.

The once ambiguous public will revolution is now beginning to become clear again. Siers invented an electoral law that merged general elections and celebrity elections, and expanded the scope of tax-paying elections. This is representative in nature, and ordinary citizens have no right to represent. The people do not have the right to grant a right in the name of an individual. It must be derived from the representatives of the whole people who represent the people.

  For example, patent workers, who are workers but have patents, can participate in the labor mediation committee and sit with employer representatives to decide labor disputes, wage payment, and safety and health issues.

The worker trusts the one who negotiates with the employer on their behalf. If he is the same as them, there is a risk. But if there is a patent, he can leave the factory with the patent and go to other places. The manufacturer that loses the patent will lose its competitiveness. , The patent ownership has to pay for litigation.

  Citizens who have not lost their citizenship rights are eligible to be elected. When a citizen joins a foreign nationality, accepts a position or annuity provided by a foreign government, participates in a foreign organization that advocates unequal births, and is sentenced to life sentence or humiliation, all will lose citizenship.

Death penalty and imprisonment include death penalty and imprisonment. Insulting penalty is insulting and damaging because the reputation of the "red arm" who was bred with vaccinia by a military doctor is damaged, but they are not tortured. They are only vaccinated, and they are not vaccinated. They will die, and they will die of smallpox if they don’t get acne, so they are still citizens.

  This method is not original, it was invented by Hermione Granger. The informant Marietta Ekmore had a dense purple pus on her face, spelling it out as a "spoofer".

  She signed the contract at the time, and the pimples on her face were punishment for whistleblowing.

  In fact, the deleted Declaration of Independence need not be saved, so that no one will know it.

  However, these "founding fathers" may hope that "descendants" can solve their remaining problems, just like people who have been frozen from a terminal illness, and when the technology is advanced in the future, they will be "resurrected" and cured.

  Every viable country has a certain ideal that God wants it to realize, and the realization of this ideal is its special cause, mission or destiny.

  I hope that this time the lion in the wilderness will face the North Star, and don’t get lost in your own desert again.

  　 When I heard Grindelwald say the greatest interest, what I thought of was the common interest...

  　　

  　　

  　

  (End of this chapter)