Chapter 2309 "Forest Beggar"

   Jean-Charles Pishgroux, a French general, was born into a peasant family near Arbois. Participated in the American Revolutionary War. In 1783, he served as sergeant and sergeant in the first artillery regiment. After the outbreak of the French Revolution, he supported the revolution and served as chairman of the Jacobin Club in Besançon. Joined the Revolutionary Army in 1792. In 1793, he was promoted to major general and served as commander of the Rhine Army. In February 1794, he was appointed commander of the Army of the North and the Ardennes. In 1795, he led the army to occupy Amsterdam, Zeeland, Brabant and The Hague. In April of the same year, he was appointed commander of the Rhine Army and the Moselle Army after suppressing the Bud month uprising against the National Convention in Paris. In 1796, he was removed from office for having a close relationship with Prince Condé and accepting huge bribes from him. In April 1797, he was elected to the House of Five Hundred People. He was arrested and exiled to French Guiana during the coup d'etat on the 18th of September. Later, he fled to Britain and Germany, and engaged in anti-republic conspiracy activities, and was expelled from Prussia.

  The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War was sparked by Boston's policy toward neutral shipping between 1776 and 1782, and even after the American war ended, the Netherlands remained at war with Britain until France offered to negotiate a truce. William V of Orange opposed the war from the very beginning, but was criticized by thousands of people because of the disastrous effects of the war. In the 1780s, some Dutch people were influenced by the American Revolution and formed "patriots" The group, the old-fashioned Regent, also responded to the Patriots' demands by joining forces against the rule of the House of Orange. In 1782 the citizens of the Netherlands volunteered to form a militia, and they seized power in parts of the republic. Until 1785, the Patriots continued to press for a re-enactment of the United States system of the United States, but it was rejected by the former allies, the regents who advocated reform.

  In 1787, the balance was suddenly overturned. William V had been driven out of the Netherlands before, and his wife Wilhelmina of Prussia decided to go to The Hague to summon the regent to support the Orange regime. Her way of travel was so extravagant that it was hard not to notice, and she was stopped by patriotic volunteers in Gouda in South Holland province, who sent people to the Dutch parliament to find out whether Wilhelmina should be allowed to continue the trip. The Dutch parliament sent her back to Nijmegen, where William V ruled, on the grounds that she had not been issued a pass, and the Prussian king saw it as a humiliation to his family and used this as an excuse to launch the invasion.

   Since the death of William III of Orange in 1702, the Netherlands has entered an era of non-government. At the same time, the Dutch Republic has also lost the opportunity to exercise equal rights with the European powers. The Prussian invasion did not dig up seawalls like William of Orange to resist. Six thousand patriotic volunteers were exiled to France and the South Netherland. William of Orange regained power in the republic with the support of Prussia.

The South Netherlands at this time was under the rule of the Habsburgs. When William V returned to power, the Austrian army also came to quell the situation in the Habsburg Netherlands. At that time, the Habsburgs were deeply mired in The war with Turkey required an alliance of the Netherlands against the Prussian invasion of the Netherlands. Joseph II came to the throne after the death of Maria Theresa in 1780, in 1783 he ordered the closure of many "useless" monasteries, i.e. those that did not run schools or hospitals, and in 1784 the abolition of judicial torture and the abolition of guild restrictions Craftsmen recruited the number of apprentices and day laborers, and from then on craftsmen could hire labor as they wished, and marriage was declared a civil contract, and funerals in churches and churchyards were prohibited on grounds of hygiene.

In short, Joseph II's arbitrary interference in religions, societies and festivals made the people disgusted, but the initial resistance was limited to the clergy. In 1787, Joseph II promulgated a decree to abolish the existing provincial councils and courts, and established a central administration and justice in Brussels. authorities, this move aroused resistance in the province of Brabantine. The citizens' militia, which had long been moribund, began to recruit volunteers, joined by some patriots who had been exiled from the Netherlands, and the Brabantine Revolution broke out, and various factions of anti-Joseph II proclaimed the establishment of the United States of Belgium.

The two leaders of this revolution, lawyers Henri van der Nut and Jean-François Funk, were influenced by Dutch patriotism and American republicanism and French Enlightenment philosophy respectively. The reason for the disagreement in the United States was the ownership of sovereignty The provinces, or "the whole people", i.e. all men of property, followed van den Nut with the local powers that had been taken away by Joseph II, privileges which had previously been in the hands of a few nobles, clergy and wealthy merchants, who It was incompatible with Joseph II, and Joseph II saw the possibility of working with Funk.

   After the death of Joseph II, Leopold II of Austria succeeded to the throne and continued the policies of Joseph II, and this alliance was quickly disintegrated. When the Austrian army entered Brussels in 1790, they had withdrawn from the war with Turkey. Van der Nut fled to London. Funk, who had hoped for the Austrians, realized that he had made a mistake and fled to France. I hope that France will send troops to intervene in the situation in Belgium.

In 1792 Charles Dumourier led the French Revolutionary Army into the Austrian Netherlands, assisted by Van der Nut's followers and the "Batavian Regiment", although the French at the time Nellwinden After the battle, the damage was serious, but the morale was still high, and the way was like a broken bamboo. In December 1794 the French took control of all land west of the Rhine except for the walled Luxembourg, Mainz and Maastricht, and crossed the glacier into the Netherlands. At that time, a Dutch fleet anchored at Tethys Island and was routed by a group of light cavalry who came from the ice, and the Republic of Batavia was proclaimed. General Pishkelu continued to lead the "Batavian Legion" to continue the campaign, and finally conquered all of Belgium in 1795.

  General assassins would think of a way out, and this method of taking poison was only available in the Middle Ages. The conscription in 1798 was related to Napoleon's expedition to Egypt. Although the first anti-French alliance ended and Austria gave up Belgian rule, the Directorate did not trust Napoleon. Continued conscription triggered the "peasant war". , riots occurred one after another, and although this large-scale rebellion was initially successful, it was quickly disintegrated, and many deserters hid in the forest.

Before France issued a draft order in 1798, a secret organization of Habsburg royalists had formed in the forest of Soigne. became a folk hero.

In Reuven, there was a printer named Peter Kerber. He was arrested and executed in 1799. Kerber was originally a printer of Christian literature, but his job was disguised. He printed many pamphlets denouncing French tyranny. . To serve as a warning, the daunting method of execution was still available, although torture was abolished. Organized crime in the Republic of Batavia was rampant in the 1790s. Brussels once sentenced three members of the robber to death. They were first hanged by strangulation, but not hanged, and then tied on wheels. Sentenced by round.

   After waking up, Georgiana found herself in Margaret's palace in Austria, and her guardian Edgeworth told her what had happened before.

   Most witches executed in witch hunts will be burned at the stake. It is estimated that no one has compared them. Which is more painful to be scorched by flames or tortured by rounds.

The Low Countries prided themselves on being far ahead of European science, and there was a book condemning witchcraft scare, which he considered witches to be women powerless to harm others except by natural means, but the book was soon banned and the author was arrested. Force a change of position. Martin Del Rio, who had taught at Liege and Rouven, published The Essays on Magic in 1600, and it was republished 25 times, replacing the Hammer of the Witch to a certain extent as the judges' trial of witches. Guidance guide.

  Maria appeared like an angel of judgment and shouted in the square. Maybe the French Ministry of Magic could erase the memory of the city dwellers, but those hiding in the forest could not. Their pamphlets and gossip would make her a target.

In 1800, France established a unified metric system, which replaced the different weights and measures used in various places since the Middle Ages. Churches that were not previously used for other purposes were reopened, and the maintenance costs were borne by the authorities. In exchange, the church gave up the right to reclaim its confiscated property. , and now to take care of war orphans and widows, to promote the development of Belgian light industry and to solve the life of war survivors.

   She originally wanted to do this, but now she's not in the mood.

  I have to go to bed when it gets dark, and I'll tell you what to do tomorrow, if not a group of people with torches and pitchforks rushed in in the middle of the night, clamoring to burn her to death.

   (end of this chapter)