Chapter 540 Wheel of Hell

  According to criminal psychology, people who like to wear black are often good at controlling their feelings, and they don’t like others to see through themselves, and they like to maintain a sense of mystery.

  People who like to wear colored clothes generally have stronger vanity and desire for expression.

  Severus and Lockhart are the most obvious examples.

  Ma Yurong wears brightly colored clothes like Lockhart, but he gives Pomona a completely different feeling from Lockhart.

  If you are unfortunately a woman and have wisdom beyond men, the smart way is to hide yourself, otherwise you will be as unlovable as Hermione.

  Pomona felt the same feeling on Ma Yurong's body. The colorful embroidery was embroidered on the black Chinese stand-up collar. The clothes were improved based on the Chinese tunic suit that Sun Yat-sen once wore.

  She felt that he had strong ambitions, but he hid his paws in the mat like a cat.

  He is very dangerous. Maybe he is thinking about something. Overseas Chinese are different from domestic ones. Businessmen in London's Chinatown are now united in resisting speculative rent increases by big real estate developers.

  Before in the United States, Chinese people did similar things. It was not long after the Civil War, and what they were fighting against was not real estate developers, but the judiciary of the US federal government.

  The American Civil War from 1861 to 1865 was largely due to slavery, and the Scott case in 1857 was a direct fuse.

  According to the Missouri Treaty, some states in the United States are free states and some are slave states. Black slave Dred Scott accompanied his master to Illinois, Free State and Wisconsin, Free Territory, where he lived for two years before returning to Missouri, a slave state.

His owner, Emerson, was a doctor. Because the Seminole War broke out and needed a lot of doctors, Emerson went, but Emerson died after performing his duties. After his death, Scott filed a lawsuit to claim his freedom. The case was in the Missouri Supreme Court. And the federal court was dismissed, and Mrs. Emerson immediately sold Scott to her cousin.

  Scott appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. During the trial of the U.S. Supreme Court, due to the influence of the "Kansas-Nebraska Act" and "Bleeding Kansas", the case received widespread attention.

Scott’s wife Harriet was originally a black slave of U.S. Army Major Tariafiero. The major took Harriet to Slinneburg in 1835. In 1836, the major sold her as a slave to Dr. Emerson. Emerson kept her slave status until 1838. With Emerson's consent, Scott and Harriet were married, and they had two daughters, Eliza and Liz. Eliza was born in 1843 on a steamer named "Gipps" on the Mississippi River north of the northern boundary of Missouri; Liz was born in a military camp named Jefferson in Missouri in 1850 Inside.

  Eliza and Liz were born in territories where slavery was excluded. This process has made them free, and his wife and children should also be free.

  After two court debates, the nine justices finally upheld the original verdict with a 7:2 vote.

  The reading of legal opinions took two days. Representative Tanney’s judgment mainly includes three main aspects:

  1. Even free blacks are not and cannot become citizens of the United States as stated in the Constitution;

  2. Scott cannot become a free man because he lives in an area where slavery is excluded by the "Missouri Compromise", because the compromise clause that excludes slavery itself exceeds the constitutional power of Congress;

  3. Scott cannot be free because he once stayed in Illinois, because once he returns to Missouri, his identity is only governed by Missouri law.

  As the United States expands, new states continue to appear. At this time, the slave trade across the ocean has declined. In the United States, new slaves can only be born from the original slaves, so the source of slaves has become a problem.

  If there is no subsequent constitutional amendment, the jurisprudence in the Scott case will determine that the black people have always been in a second-class status, even if the slaves are all liberated, it cannot be changed.

  In the US presidential election in 1860, Lincoln, as a Republican candidate, proposed that “the “normal state” in federal territory should be free, and neither Congress or anyone can grant slavery legitimacy”.

The Scott case is a watershed case in the history of the Supreme Court. Before the decision in the Scott case, the Supreme Court’s prestige was unprecedented, and Tanney’s noble character, gentleman’s demeanor and wisdom, his rejection of narrow partisan ideas, and his pursuit of justice and harmony made him highly respected by his colleagues and the people of the country.

  But after the Scott case, everything changed. In 1865, Senator Charles Sam declared that "Tenny's name will be booed off in the historical record. He presided over the justice for 25 years, but in the end he was evilly judicial, which brought shame to our judicial organs. Let this era be humiliated". For more than a century, the Scott case became a model of judicial arbitrariness. In fact, the justices of the Supreme Court avoided this topic as much as possible. As Justice Robert Jackson said, "one such precedent is enough."

  A decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1857 denied black people’s citizenship and invalidated the "Missouri Compromise". After the war, the United States passed the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth constitutional amendments, abolishing slavery, granting blacks equal citizenship rights, and giving blacks the right to vote. 600,000 people paid the price of their lives for this, more than the first and second world wars. More people died in battle.

  The Civil War is also known as the Third War of Independence. In the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, whether it was the number of members of the House of Representatives or the population, the South, which was dominated by the plantation economy, had an overwhelming advantage.

  But with the increase in immigration, a new situation has emerged. The job opportunities that the plantation economic model can provide are very limited, far inferior to the factory. So the northern states quickly surpassed the southern states in population.

  Many of these immigrants came from Ireland, where the famine occurred in 1845, and Chinese “piggy” from Guangdong.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, most of the people called "piggy" were sold to work abroad. The Irish were called "white slaves" and the Chinese were called "piggy". In the 1860s, the Central Pacific Railway and the Western Line The two paving armies of the Union Pacific Railway on the eastern route held a road-building competition. Whoever repairs to the West Bank first is the "winner". The government will pay the winner, but the loser will have nothing. So the two railway companies worked hard to work overtime. layout.

  The threat of inhuman treatment, seasickness, typhoons, and infectious diseases that "piggy" crowded in the bottom compartment or was forced to stay on the deck all the way. The long journey from China to the United States resulted in numerous deaths and injuries; when they finally landed, they were waiting for harsh working conditions and environments: railroad tracks were laid along steep granite and steep shale, and they were suspended from baskets 1,400 feet above the river. Working here, this railway that travels through high mountains, deserts, and marshes, not only the body of a white slave, but also a bone of a Chinese are buried under each of the sleepers.

  However, the Chinese workers who work hard, are low paid, and have paid a lot of sweat and blood are not recognized: in the commemorative photos of the integration, the Chinese workers are all driven aside and not allowed to be in the mirror. Moreover, the figure of more than 12,000 Chinese workers has been submerged in history for a long time.

The 15th constitutional amendment in 1870 gave blacks the right to vote. An important content of it was that "states within their jurisdiction shall not refuse to give anyone equal protection of the law", although the original intention of this law was to protect free blacks. Freedom from discrimination, but this provision also allows other ethnic groups to use the Constitution to protect themselves. It was only for many years that the Supreme Court of the United States interpreted this amendment very narrowly, resulting in states still having great powers within their jurisdiction to infringe on the freedom and rights of minorities.

  As early as 1852, the California State Assembly passed a discriminatory tax law against Chinese gold mining miners. In 1854, the California Supreme Court ruled that "Chinese people have no right to testify against whites", which further intensified anti-Chinese actions, and San Francisco subsequently joined the ranks of exclusion of Chinese. From 1870 to 1880, there were a large number of Chinese laundries in San Francisco. These laundries demonstrated the Chinese business talents and posed a business threat to the white American laundries. So the American white people wanted to drive the Chinese out of the city through elaborate legal design.

Between 1873 and 1884, the local municipality passed 14 laws called the "Laundry Ordinance". Among them, No. 1569 passed in May 1880 and No. 1587 passed in July stipulated that: Anyone who opens, maintains, and runs laundry shops in wooden buildings in the city must obtain a business license from the municipality. However, it does not stipulate the criteria for the municipality to grant and refuse business licenses, which leaves the municipality with the power to arbitrarily decide, and can accept or reject the application at will. Under the same conditions, all applications of laundromats identified as Chinese were rejected, and all white applicants received the green light and successfully obtained the license.

  The Qing government was corrupt and incompetent. The Chinese people never thought about finding a local ambassador to solve this problem. The Chinese laundromats united and established the industry association "Tongxintang" to resist unfair legal treatment. They set up a legal fund to pay for the attorney fees required for litigation and other costs for challenging unfair laws.

Huaren Yihe has been operating a laundromat for 22 years, during which all its operations have met all local safety and sanitation standards, but the municipality has rejected his application for a business license in accordance with the new "Laundry Regulations", so he He became the best candidate for plaintiff to challenge Regulations No. 1569 and No. 1587.

  With the support of "Tongxintang", Yihe and other laundromats ignored the new "Laundry Regulations" and operated their laundries as usual. Soon, they were all arrested by the authorities. A major judicial case with far-reaching influence on the constitutional government of the United States is about to begin.

Yihe takes the Sheriff Hopkins who arrested him to court. He petitioned the Supreme Court of California to issue a habeas corpus to make him free, and accused the "Laundry Ordinance" of violating the California Constitution, the U.S. Federal Constitution and the 1880 Sino-U.S. Treaty. But the California Supreme Court rejected these allegations.

  While Yihe sued Hopkins, He Li, another Chinese laundry shop owner, brought the same lawsuit to the U.S. Federal Circuit in California. His request for rights was also rejected, but because of concerns that the implementation of these regulations would crowd out Chinese laundries from the market and grant a monopoly to laundries established by white capital, the ruling expressed reservations about the "Laundry Regulations". opinion.

  Due to dissatisfaction with the decisions of the California Supreme Court and the California District U.S. Federal Circuit, Yihe and Heli appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court respectively. Because the two cases are very similar, the U.S. Supreme Court decided to try them together and focused on one issue: whether the complainant was deprived of the rights granted by the U.S. Constitution or the U.S. Federal Constitution.

  The Federal Supreme Court first affirmed the principle established by the Federal Circuit in Guo Hu’an v. United States: Equal protection under the 15th Amendment to the Constitution applies to U.S. citizens as well as non-U.S. citizens. After clarifying that the owner of a Chinese laundry shop is not a U.S. citizen, but is also protected by the Constitution, the court reviewed the "Laundry Shop Regulations" to determine whether it violated the U.S. Constitution. After reviewing the regulations, the court found that although the two regulations No. 1587 and No. 1569 seem to be neutral, the way in which they are implemented has greatly reduced this neutrality. The court held that in the enforcement of the regulations, they specifically targeted a specific group of Chinese, and in fact denied equal legal protection for Chinese.

In the end, the court pointed out that “although the regulations themselves are fair and unbiased on the surface, if the public authority implements and applies them in an unequal manner with malicious intent, then the denial of equality and justice is still the constitution. Prohibited". As a result, Justice Stanley Matthews, on behalf of the Federal Supreme Court, announced the unanimous judgment of the justices: ruling that the rights of the two Chinese petitioners were violated and ordered their immediate release. So far, the two Chinese lawsuits have won the final victory.

  Those who want to stand up are those who do not want to be slaves, and those who do not want to stand up can do nothing. The house elves at Hogwarts don't have this kind of "stand up" heart. After Dobby's death, there is no house elves who want to pursue freedom anymore.

  So when Severus entrusted them to make the silver bullet for wolf poison, they all chose to obey, even if he was no longer the principal of Hogwarts.

"You think Harry is fake. It's real to find someone to do work." Pomona looked at the house elves in the kitchen. They were holding silver ingots and discussing happily, without feeling enslaved at all. Up.

  Severus sighed happily, like a dock worker who unloaded the cargo, lowering the weight on his shoulders.

"My time is precious. It is not used to do these boring and repetitive tasks." He said in a very proud and pretending tone, "Harry Potter, the Director of the Law Enforcement Department, is incompetent at all. Magic If he doesn’t learn well, he can’t learn the law. If he doesn’t have the reputation of a savior, he will do nothing like his father."

   "You will feel very happy if you sarcasm them father and son, right?"

   "You really understand me." Severus twisted his lips and gave an ill-intentioned smile. "Lazy, stupid, and arrogant..."

   Pomona rolled her eyes. Didn’t he feel tired after saying the same so many times?

  (End of this chapter)