On January 1st, 1880, people from all over South America celebrated the arrival of the Chinese New Year.

In Chang'an City (Córdoba) Susong Textile Factory, ordinary workers in the factory go home on holiday and celebrate New Year's Day. Inside the factory, there are 60 or 70 backbone employees, more than 100 researchers from the Royal Academy of Sciences, and technical bureaucrats. Keep in the sweltering workshop building, waiting patiently for the final result of the experiment.

"Mr. Lin, how confident are you that you will succeed?"

Wu Susong Textile Factory director whispered.

"" The newly discovered dyeing agent is easy to turn blue when it encounters acidic substances, and if the processing method is slightly wrong, it is difficult to improve the wet processing fastness to a level that meets the requirements.

Therefore, in the workshop where new dyes are used to dye cloth, the amount of strongly acidic reagents such as sulfuric acid should be added in strict accordance with the prescribed ratio. "

A young Chinese youth watched the actions of several mechanics operating machines next to the cloth dyeing pond and seriously said, "Although the use of new dyes is limited by certain conditions, the textile dyes in the textile industries of western countries such as English, France, and the United States are integrated. At the technical level, the new dyeing agent performs better than the isatin dyeing agent invented by the German Bayer two years ago.

After hundreds of tests in the laboratory, I can tell you with certainty that at least 90% of the industrial application of the new dye can be successful. "

"With your words, I can rest assured."

The face of the director of Su Susong Textile Mill was much relaxed. Lamented, "The time is only the past seven or eight years, but the development of the textile industry is completely different from the past. A few years ago, it was still hand-dyed like tank dyeing, dyeing, sulfuric acid, etc. Now it is all replaced with textile machines, cloth dyeing machines, The operation of machines such as drawing machines is really changing every year. "

"Your Majesty often said earlier that today's science and technology are developing rapidly, and it is very difficult to catch up with other countries after one step behind."

The same young man affiliated with the Royal Research Institute echoed, "Take the development of the dye industry in Western countries in recent years. In 1873, French chemists Crucion and Bretonnier In brown, paper, leather, etc., and sodium sulfide and sulfur yellow baking experiment, brown sulfur dye was obtained.

Not long ago, the British Thomas and R. Holliday dipped the naphthol sodium salt solution on cotton cloth under low temperature environment, and then developed the color with perinaphthyl diazonium salt, which successfully made the cotton fiber red, so An ice dye. …………

Western countries did not start much earlier than us in chemical textile dyes, but watching the rapid development of science and technology in Germany, England, the United States and other countries, we can't just imitate the introduction and independently develop new technologies is the right way. "

"In the past few years, the local educated population was small, the country lacked application-oriented and research-oriented talents, and it was an objective fact that science and technology were generally behind the West. However, after ten years of large-scale financial subsidies and investment, the number of overseas students has exceeded 3,000. The first six batches of returned students can engage in basic technical research, emerging industries such as chemical engineering and electrical engineering, and no one will be available. "............

During a conversation with several young chemical researchers, weavers carefully took out the dyed cloths and left them to dry in the medium and high temperature environment.

Two hours passed, the earliest dyed grey cloth was initially aired, and the workers took out a large red cloth that was more than ten meters long and spread it on the table. The crowd gathered around them and discussed loudly.

"Director Wang, how is the cloth?"

"Ok well, the color is bright, the cloth does not fade or wrinkle after being soaked in water, it is a good dye."

The director of the Su Susong Textile Factory touched the dyed cloth and admired it.

"Natural is a good dye. Using this dye to dip grey fabrics not only has a good dyeing effect and does not fade, but also costs about 20% less than the mainstream Western dyes. If you use the latest printing and dyeing machines, the cost of dyes can be reduced. some."

"The price of a finished cloth is now two Chinese yuan. If the cost of dye consumed per finished cloth is reduced by 20%, in a year, it will save a lot of money."

The director of the factory has a happy color on his face saying "low cost and good color. After using new dyes, our export advantage of finished fabrics will be even higher.

Mr. Zhe Lin, this is a very good thing. You should let your Majesty know as soon as possible today. "

"In a hurry, the director Wang may not know that the research and development of new dyes is carried out under the leadership of His Majesty. The research and development principles and various ingredients of new dyes are proposed by His Majesty. We just follow the instructions of His Majesty. , Just perform detailed experiments. "

的 A researcher who successfully completed the research and development of new dyes, explained a man named Lin Shenhe.

"But the trial production of new dyes is successful. Should you give this new dye a name?"

"At the end of the verification experiment the day before yesterday, His Majesty took his own name and called it Congo Red Dye, which means to commemorate the first large overseas colony owned by the country." ...

The dye agent used in the textile industry is only one of the many uses of Congo Red. It can also be used as an acid-base indicator, a bioanalytical reagent, and an adsorption indicator for the determination of halide, thiocyanate and zinc, and a large number of Used in paper production and other aspects.

In the same period of Mendeleev's marshalling of the periodic table in 1869, the chemical industry in Han Dynasty also started. The rubber industry was the earliest chemical industry branch that was put into practical use. Since then, Li Mingyuan recalled the university and learned applied chemistry expertise. , Select a part of the knowledge points, and simply list the four basic disciplines "Basics of Organic Chemistry", "Basics of Inorganic Chemistry", "Basics of Analytical Chemistry", and "Introduction to Physical Chemistry", which are specially designed for chemical students returning from studying abroad. For research experiments.

Chemical engineering in the second half of the 19th century has not yet become an independent industrial category. As a graduate of applied chemical engineering in the previous life, Li Mingyuan learned broad and basic chemical knowledge, but those who built on the predecessors' century-old wisdom Under the knowledge system, most of them have not been proposed in the 1870s and 1980s.

A set of chemical reaction equations behind a common chemical process in later generations, a simple principle of chemical phenomenon, it can be a major chemical discovery alone, but limited to the current level of science and technology, Li Mingyuan can only remember Some knowledge was written and given to the local students who returned to study abroad, and then paid attention to confidentiality, and this knowledge was strictly limited to a small number of researchers in the chemical industry of the Royal Academy.

The discovery of Congo red reagent is a small improvement in the dye chemical industry. In the planning of the National Chemical Industry System, the chemical branch industries currently under development include dyes, rubber, explosives, soda ash, pharmaceutical chemicals, coal chemicals, and plastics. , Catalyst chemical industry, photosensitive material, coating industry, man-made fiber, petrochemical industry, fertilizer industry, a total of thirteen directions.

In the chemical dye industry, the basic melting process using aminoanthraquinone as the main raw material to obtain the reduced blue RSN substance, the separation to obtain the 2-naphthol-3-formylarylamine with a stronger solidity, and the improvement of the chromol AS color system are still underway. In progress, the current research direction is mainly on inorganic dyes, and the development of organic dyes will not wait until the twentieth century.

In the rubber industry, the locally-owned pneumatic bicycle tire technology has attracted the attention of the scientific circles in Germany and the United Kingdom. Using natural rubber as a raw material to develop a variety of practical products, scientific research work in Western countries is also stepping up. At the same time, relying on early accumulated technical advantages Some local researchers in the Academy of Sciences began to use aniline as a vulcanizing agent and carbon black as a reinforcing agent in accordance with the technical program written by Li Mingyuan, and continued to carry out related experiments to improve the plasticity of rubber.

Soda ash can be used in glass manufacturing, food processing industry, monosodium glutamate production, etc.

E. 1861, when E. Solvay was engaged in the concentration of dilute ammonia in a gas plant, he was using ammonia to absorb ammonia and dioxin.

Sodium carbonate was obtained from the test of tritiated carbon. In the same year, he obtained a job to produce sodium carbonate from table salt ammonia and carbon dioxide.

Patent for industrial production methods.

生产 This production method is called Solvay method, also known as ammonia-alkali method. In 1863, E. Solvay and his brother A. Solvay raised funds, established Solvay Tongtong, and set up a soda ash plant in Courje, Belgium. The plant was put into production in January 1865, and its output reached 10 tons per day in 1872.

In 1873, the soda ash produced by Solvay won the Ronpoll Prize for quality and purity at the Vienna International Fair. From then until the 1950s, the Solvay method has been the mainstream method for the production of soda ash. Later, Hou's The alkali-making method and the German chaan law are both improved and improved on the basis of the Sauer method.

It is relatively difficult to improve the Sowell method. The local research direction in this area is to use the fragmented technology points provided by Li Mingyuan to try to reduce the main process of the Hou's alkali method.

Han started as a military, and the explosives chemical industry directly related to the army ’s weapons and equipment is also the focus of the large chemical development plan. There are two main methods for making smokeless powder picric acid, namely sulfonation of phenol and dinitrophenol. Nitrification, the latter is prepared by the hydrolysis of chlorodinitrobenzene ~ lightnovelpub.net ~ The first method involves a two-step process that includes a sulfonation step of the phenol and then the resulting sulfonated Nitrogenation step. However, such a process has many disadvantages. The sulfonation operation takes a long time and inevitably makes the productivity level low, and then the nitration operation is performed in a diluted medium, which in turn leads to a reduction in productivity. Another method for preparing picric acid also includes many steps of nitration of monochlorobenzene to obtain chlorodinitrobenzene, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting product, and then nitration of dinitrophenol from a mixture of nitric acid and oleum. This method is not satisfactory due to its long time, complexity and serious pollution.

The two general methods of making picric acid are in Li Mingyuan's mind, but because of the closeness of the matter, the researchers engaged in the research of picric acid production methods are local Chinese students, and they encountered many setbacks during the experiment until 1880. On the day before New Year's Day, the experimental preparation technology route was completed. As for the mastery of technical processes and large-scale production, it takes about half a year to about a year.

Rubber chemical industry, dye chemical industry, soda ash chemical industry, and explosive chemical industry are the top priorities in the large chemical system. More than 70% of the local chemical personnel and overseas chemical personnel trained in the past ten years are concentrated in the above four chemical industry branches.

Man-made fibers used as textile raw materials, plastic chemicals in the polymer processing stage, photosensitive materials mainly used to produce camera films, and other chemical branch industries such as coal chemical industry and petrochemical industry that are not mature yet, although some products have Export advantages, but considering the difficulty of subsequent technology development, it is only in the technical reserve stage, not the focus of development in the next ten years.