Chapter 433 Free Single Chapter (2)

   A book friend called my uncle and said that even back in the time of Zhao Song, he was only four years old, how to copy.

This is a problem.

   In fact, I can see where my problem lies. I pretend to be lofty when I’m not good at it, and talk about my feelings everywhere, and I can’t get down to the last stand.

  This is a disease, it needs to be cured!

   But since the style of writing is already like this, let’s continue.

   When I was writing the book, I lost the enthusiasm of ZTE, but when I wrote it, the Huawei incident appeared, I could not laugh or cry.

   But since it's out, let me keep rubbing it.

   Speaking of Huawei, let us return to the topic of the previous chapter: Qualcomm!

  Enterprises can use intellectual property rights to create market competition advantages, and abuse of intellectual property rights will also face legal sanctions, and this "typical" of both positive and negative aspects can be integrated by Qualcomm, which is not a "strange story". Following the EU and South Korea's antitrust investigations, Qualcomm has recently faced antitrust investigations in China, and the reasons for these investigations are all the same, namely high patent licensing fees. For a while, Qualcomm once again became the focus of the industry.

   "Patent is competitiveness!" This sentence is vividly reflected in Qualcomm. Among companies in the global communications field, Qualcomm's market value reached an all-time high of US$104.96 billion in 2013, surpassing the US$103.501 billion of Intel, which has always been the leader, and ranked first in the world.

   "First-class companies sell patents, second-class companies make products, and third-class companies sell coolies." This is a widely circulated sentence in the industry: this sentence emphasizes the importance of patents. At Qualcomm's headquarters, there are several "patent walls". Qualcomm hangs every patent certificate it owns on the wall. In the words of Qualcomm's leaders, every patent on the "patent wall" is Qualcomm's core asset and source of profit.

   At present, more than 6000 patents have been hung on the wall, and as can be seen in a description posted on the wall, there are still thousands of patent applications pending.

  In the 3G era, as the founder of CDMA technology, Qualcomm almost monopolized the right to use all technology patents related to CDMA. Any company that needs to use CDMA technology patents has to pay Qualcomm a huge amount of patent licensing fees. At present, Qualcomm occupies 90% of the global CDMA chip market and owns more than 3,000 patents for CDMA and related technologies, including 600 core CDMA patents; among the core patents for 3G technology WCDMA, Qualcomm has Controlling 25% of it, it remains one of the industry's leading giants.

  If you don't know what Qualcomm represents in the 3G era, you can take a look at the names of the three major 3G (used to be the four major) standards: CDMA2000, WCDMA, and China's TD-SCDMA.

   All use code division multiple access technology!

The age of Zhao Song was 2001, that is, in that year, Qualcomm entered China and was operated by China Telecom, which only had solidified business. Anyone who has experienced that time probably knows that a CDMA mobile phone is in the end. How expensive, because Qualcomm's **** charges royalties on every phone!

  Thanks to the high-level vision of our country's top management. In 2000, we joined the communication standard battle and made a breakthrough across the century! Great!

   Based on Qualcomm's rogue characteristics, it is basically on the opposite side of the world, even in the United States!

  So starting from 4G, the world has started to formulate standards for de-CDMA.

   Having said that, I have to introduce another name, that is, the organization that formulates communication standards: 3GPP.

In order to define a complete end-to-end system specification, to ensure compliance with industry requirements, to achieve seamless interoperability between different manufacturers and to provide mobile with the necessary global scale, and also to achieve a smooth transition of GSM from 2G to 3G networks. Demand, which creates an organization.

If global wireless communication is compared to a village, then this organization is definitely the village head of the village. It allows you to “plow whatever land” you have to cultivate, and it allows your “crops” to grow as high as your crops. It must be so tall, otherwise I'm sorry, you do not belong to the standard of this generation of communication technology, this organization is 3GPP.

When 3GPP was established, all countries were discussing who should be the "boss". Being the boss is cool and has the right to speak. However, the innovation of each generation of mobile communication technology cannot be completed by a single company. It must be designed to the construction of base stations, Chip manufacturing that matches the process, technology research and development from it, what frequency to use, how many bands to use, and so on.

   After all, it is related to the issue of wireless Internet access for users around the world. In the end, it was discussed that several operators with important positions or roles in the field of communications from all over the world came to be members of 3GPP. They have invited seven big bosses. They are:

Japan Association of Radio Industry and Commerce (ARIB), China Communications Standards Association (CCSA), Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS), Telecommunications Technology Council (TTC), European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), Telecommunications Standards Development Association of India (TSDSI), Korea Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA).

  It is a good thing to have an organization. Driven by 3GPP, the popularization of W-CDMA technology and TD-CDMA technology of the third generation mobile communication technology (3G) has been realized.

  3GPP is to realize the evolution of the GSM created by the Europeans. Can the CDMA created by the American actress just let it go?

   No, we have to create one in North America too! In the second year, in 1999, North American companies joined the chip giant Qualcomm to create 3GPP2, which had a certain competitive relationship with 3GPP. However, Qualcomm gave up the evolution of CDMA to 4G, and 3GPP2 gradually became marginalized, but 3GPP gradually grew. .

When it came to LTE (Long Term Evolution), which is 4G, major operators developed two processes, TD-LTE and FDD-LTE, and the "village chief" 3GPP came out, saying that your process did not meet my standards, LTE There is only 3.9G, you don't call it 4G, which makes the operators very embarrassed. In the end, rounding up, 3.9G is called 4G!

   has always been called 4G. In fact, it is not recognized by 3GPP. The domestic 4G network is only the 3.9G standard of 3GPP.

   Later, the operators had no choice but to launch an upgraded version of LTEAdvanced in accordance with 3GPP's standards for 4G, which met the requirements of the International Telecommunication Union for 4G, and it was not called 4G until later LTE-A.

   Here, book lovers can see: In the 4G era, the four words CDMA have completely disappeared, and the de-CDMA action has made a breakthrough. However, please do not ignore Qualcomm, because that is Qualcomm!

  The world's first Qualcomm with tens of billions of dollars in R&D expenses every year!

Fast-forward to 2017, and since its inception in 1998, 3GPP has been an ever-expanding, member-driven, massive effort and collaboration involving hundreds of companies, including network operators, terminal manufacturers, chip manufacturers, infrastructure manufacturers , academia, research institutions, government agencies, and the cumulative number of participants in the 2017 conference exceeded 6,000.

   Good guy, amazing.

  For the future fifth-generation communication technology (commonly known as 5G), 3GPP should take precautions in advance and tell the companies related to wireless networks below that you must develop 5G according to my requirements, otherwise I will not admit it.

   The companies below said in unison, "What is the requirement?"

3GPP said that 5G must increase the speed and reduce the delay, and stipulated that the transmission rate experienced by 5G network users must at least meet the download speed of 100Mbps (12.5M/s), the upload speed of 50Mbps (6.25M/s), and the network delay time. More than 4 milliseconds, and can maintain a stable network connection on high-speed trains at speeds of 500 kilometers per hour.

   All the companies below agreed and promised that they must be implemented in place.

  The fourth generation of mobile communication technology, disobedient! If you don’t recognize the standard, the 3GPP is not light. The 5G era has to rectify and rectify you. 3GPP also requires that the 5G wireless network era should not only involve data services and voice services, but also expand the mobile ecosystem and popularize it to wireless backhaul, ULL, mission-critical services such as drones, digital TV broadcasting, automotive services, M2M/loT services, and more.

   and defines three scenarios: eMBB, mMTC and URLLC.

   In the most critical scene, eMBB standard voting, the fantasy voting event brought the national attention to the 5G standard battle!

  Fantasy is notorious, flowers are famous all over the world, and ZTE, bear it silently!

Who is right?

   To be continued!

   (end of this chapter)