[Free auxiliary chapters] Du Fu (712-770), Zimei, self-named Shaoling Yelao, a great realist poet in the Tang Dynasty, and Li Bai collectively called "Li Du". He was originally from Xiangyang, Hubei, and moved to Gongxian, Henan. [1-2] In order to distinguish from the other two poets, Li Shangyin and Du Mu, namely "little Li and Du", Du Fu and Li Bai are collectively called "big Li and Du", and Du Fu is often referred to as "Lao Du". [1]

　　 In his youth, Du Fu traveled to Wu Yue and Qi Zhao successively, during which time he went to Luoyang and failed to do so. After thirty-five years old, he first took the test in Chang'an and failed; later, he presented gifts to the emperor and presented gifts to the nobles. Officially unwilling, he witnessed the extravagance and social crisis of the upper class of the Tang Dynasty. Tianbao fourteen years (755 years), the Anshi Rebellion broke out, Tongguan fell, Du Fu has been tossing around many places. In the second year of Emperor Qianyuan (759), Du Fu abandoned his government and entered Sichuan. Although he avoided the war and had a relatively stable life, he still cared about common people and national affairs. He has created masterpieces such as "Climbing", "Spring Hope", "Northern March" and "Three Officials" and "Three Beggars". Although Du Fu is a realist poet, he also has a wild and unruly side. It is not difficult to see Du Fu's heroism from his masterpiece "A Song of the Eight Immortals in Drinking".

　　 The core of Du Fu's ideology is the idea of ​​benevolent governance. He has the grand ambition of "to the king, Yao and Shun, and to make the customs honest." Although Du Fu was not well-known when he was alive, his reputation later spread and had a profound influence on both Chinese and Japanese literature. A total of about 1,500 poems by Du Fu have been preserved, most of which are collected in "The Collection of Du Gongbu". [3]

　　 In the winter of the fifth year of Dali (770), Du Fu died of illness at the age of 59. Du Fu's influence in Chinese classical poetry is very far-reaching, and he is called "the saint of poetry" by later generations, and his poems are called "the history of poetry". Later generations called him Du Supplements, Du Gong Department, also known as Du Shaoling and Du Caotang.

　　 family background

　　 The distant ancestor of Du Fu was Du Zhou, a famous cool official in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and his grandfather Du Shenyan. [2] Du Fu and Du Mu, another great poet of the Tang Dynasty, namely "Little Li Du", were both Jin Dynasty university scholars and famous general Du Yu, but the two tribes are far apart. Native of Xiangyang (now in Hubei), great-grandfather Du Yi

　　 Du Fu

　　 Du Fu

　　Art was the magistrate of Gong County, and he lived in Gong County (now part of Henan). Du Fu came from Du Yu's second son, Du Dan, and Du Mu came from Du Yu's youngest son, Du Yin. Du Fu was born in Gong County in the first year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (712). His mother, Cui, died when Du Fu was young. The Cui family is also a well-known family member. He has met many uncles and cousins ​​who were close to each other many times in his life.

　　 When Du Fu was a teenager, because of the superior family environment, he lived a relatively stable and prosperous life. He was eager to learn since he was a child and was able to write poems at the age of seven, "Thinking is strong at seven years old, and chanting to the phoenix"[4], and he has the ambition to "to the emperor Yaoshun, and then make the customs pure"[5]. He was also very naughty when he was a teenager, "In remembrance of the fifteenth year, the heart is still a child, and he is as healthy as a yellow calf. The pear and jujube are ripe in August before the court, and the tree can go back a thousand times a day."

　　 In his youth, Du Fu had the opportunity to be influenced by various cultures and arts, which had a great influence on his future poetry creation. For example, when he was five or six years old, he watched the dancer Gongsun Auntie's sword dance in Licheng, Henan. Later, he heard about Li Guinian in the residence of Qiwang Li Fan in Shangshanfang in Luoyang and in front of Xuanzong’s favorite Cui Ditang in Zunhua. In Luoyang’s Beiman Mountain Peak Xuanyuan Emperor’s Temple, I have seen the five saints and the ranks of thousands of officials painted by the saint Wu Daozi. This is reflected in his later poetry creation. At that time, celebrities Cui Shang and Wei Qixin saw the poetry he was studying and praised him for his style of Ban Gu and Yang Xiong. Elders like Li Yong and Wang Han also condescended to visit him. [6]

　　Young travel

　　 In the nineteenth year of Kaiyuan (731), the 19-year-old Du Fu traveled to Xian Xia (now Linyi, Shanxi) [7]. At the age of twenty, Du Fu roamed Wuyue for several years. In the twenty-third year of Kaiyuan (735 years), Du Fu returned to his hometown to participate in the "township tribute". In the twenty-fourth year of Kaiyuan (736 years), Du Fu took the Jinshi exam in Luoyang, but failed. Du Fu's father was in the post of Yanzhou Sima at that time, so Du Fu went to Yanzhou Province, and together with Su Yuanming and others, went to Qizhao Plain for the second time roaming. At this time, his father was working as Sima in Yanzhou. He spent four or five years in the Qiu Ma frivolous life in Qi-Zhao, and he also left the earliest surviving poems: "Deng Yanzhou City Tower", which is a province. Works by his father when he was in Yanzhou; there are also two songs "Painting Eagle" and "Fang Bing Cao Huma", which praised the eagle and the horse with the enthusiasm of young people; there is also "Wang Yue", which is a masterpiece. The two ending sentences are well-known phrases that have been passed down through the ages: "I will be the top of the mountain, looking at the mountains and small mountains", which reveals the extraordinary ambition of the poet's youth.

　　Tianbao Three Years (744) In April, Du Fu met Li Bai who was given back by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty in Luoyang. The two met to travel with Liang and Song (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu, Henan). Meet the poet Gao Shi, this is the third time to roam. After that, Du Fu went to Qizhou (now Jinan, Shandong).

　　 Tianbao four years (745), he met Li Bai again in Qilu. In addition to drinking and composing poems, he also discussed alchemy and seeking immortality, and jointly visited Fan Yeren, a hermit in the north of Yanzhou. The two also gave poems to each other. Du Zengli’s poem said: “Yu Yidong is a guest, pitying the king like a brother. Sleeping in the autumn, walking hand in hand with the day.” Li Zengdu’s poem said: “Autumn waves fall in Surabaya, and the sea is bright. Let's take the cup!" The two have never seen each other since.

　　 sleepy guard Chang'an

　　 Tianbao Sixth Anniversary (747), Xuanzong ordered the world's "artist" to Changan

　　 Du Fu

　　 Du Fu

　　Exam, Du Fu also took the exam. Due to the power of Li Linfu, who directed a farce of "wild and wise men", all the scholars who took the examination were unsuccessful. Since the road of imperial examination was not feasible, Du Fu had to turn to the rich and powerful in order to realize his political ideals. He lived in Chang'an for ten years, rushed to offer gifts, depressed, frustrated in his official career, and lived a life of poverty.

In the first month of Tianbao Tenth Anniversary (751), Xuanzong will hold three grand ceremonies to worship Taiqing Palace, Taimiao and Heaven and Earth. Du Fu pre-presented three "Great Gifts" in the winter of Tianbao for nine years. He received Xuanzong's appreciation and was ordered to be in Jixian. The hospital, however, only had the qualifications to "participate in the selection order" and was waiting for assignment. Because the examiner was still Li Linfu, he did not get an official position.

In the fourteenth year of Tianbao (755), Du Fu was awarded a small officer like Hexi Wei, but Du Fu was unwilling to hold the position of "not being a Hexi Wei, desolate is a broken waist", and the court changed him to Youwei and Cao Junjun. (Low-level official position, responsible for guarding armor rods and managing access control keys). Du Fu was forty-four years old and had been in Chang'an for more than ten years, so he accepted this useless post for his livelihood. In November, Du Fu went to Fengxian (now Pucheng County, Shaanxi Province). Du Fu heard the cry as soon as he entered the house. It turned out that his youngest son was starving to death. Based on the feelings of Chang'an for ten years and the experiences along the way, he wrote the famous "500 words of chanting from Beijing to Fengxian County". [9]

　　 war and chaos

　　 The Fourteenth Anniversary of Tianbao (755) In November, the Anshi Rebellion broke out. In June of the following year, Tongguan fell and Xuanzong fled west in panic. In July, Prince Li Heng was located in Lingwu (now Lingwu City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), and he was Suzong. At this time, Du Fu had moved his family to Qiang Village in Huozhou (now Fuxian, Shaanxi). He heard that Suzong had ascended the throne. In August, he went north by himself and went to Lingwu. Unfortunately, he was captured by the rebels on the way and was taken to Chang'an. . Wang Wei, who was also captured, was under strict supervision, and Du Fu was not imprisoned because of his junior official status. Despite personal misfortune, Du Fu is always worried about the country and the people.

At the time of the Anshi Rebellion, he was always watching the development of the current situation. During this period, he wrote two articles: "The situation of Guo Shijun in Huazhou and the situation of destroying the broken crown" and "The Five Questions about the Policy of Examining Jinshi in Huazhou in the First Year of Qianyuan" ", to provide advice for the suppression of the Anshi rebels, and consider how to reduce the burden on the people. When Li Siye's soldiers were passing through Huazhou, the powerful force in the crusade against the rebels, the Northwest Court Jiedu, he wrote the poem "Two poems of Guan'an West Soldiers Passing and Going to Guanzhong", expressing strong patriotic enthusiasm. [10]

　　 short-term appointment

　　 Statue of Du Gong

　　 Statue of Du Gong

　　 In the second year of Germany (757), in April, Guo Ziyi's army came to the north of Chang'an. Du Fu ventured out of the Jinguang Gate in the west of the city and escaped from Chang'an through the confronting armies to Fengxiang (now Baoji, Shaanxi) and went to Suzong. On May 16, he was awarded the Zuo Supplement by Suzong, so he was called "Du Supplement" in the world. Unexpectedly, Du Fu was quickly demoted to Huazhou (now Huaxian) for rescuing Fangguan and angering Suzong. He was responsible for sacrifices, rituals, schools, elections, medical care, exams, etc. After arriving in Huazhou, Du Fu felt very depressed and troubled. He often visited the Zhengxian Pavilion by the Xixi River (near the old official platform in Xinglin Town today) to relieve the worries. In his poems such as "Ti Zhengxian Pavilion", "Early Autumn Bitter and Hot Cases Still", "Independence" and "Xing Ma Xing", he expressed his sigh and resentment about his frustration in his official career, the scorching state of the world, and the treacherous admiration. Du Fu was released after the rescue of Fangguan by Prime Minister Zhang Hao. But "the emperor is not very self-explanatory", from then on, Suzong no longer reused Du Fu. In September of this year, Chang'an recovered. In November, Du Fu returned to Chang'an, and still served as Zuo Supplementary. Although he was loyal to his duties, he was eventually implicated in the Fangguan case and was demoted to Huazhou to join the army in June of the first year of Qianyuan (758).

At the end of the first year of Qianyuan (758), Du Fu temporarily left Huazhou to visit relatives in Luoyang and Yanshi (both in Henan Province today). In March of the following year, the battle between the Tang army and the Anshi rebels broke out in Yecheng (now Anyang, Henan), and the Tang army was defeated. On the way back to Huazhou from Luoyang, Du Fu saw the endless disasters brought to the people by the war and the patriotic behavior of the people who endured the humiliation to join the army and participated in the war. With a lot of emotion, he worked hard to create the immortal epic-"The Three Officials" ("Xin'an Officials") "Shihao Officials", "Tongguan Officials") and "Three Farewells" ("Newlyweds", "Old Farewells" and "Family Farewells"), and after returning to Huazhou, they were revised and unmanufactured. "My eyes are full of sorrows, because people travel far away."[11]

　　Wandering in Shu

　　 In the summer of the second year of Qianyuan (759), there was a severe drought in Huazhou and Guanzhong. Du Fu wrote "Summer Sigh" and "Summer Night Sigh". After the beginning of autumn this year, Du Fu was distressed by the filthy current affairs, so he gave up his position in Huazhou to join the army and went west to Qinzhou (now Tianshui, Gansu Province). Du Fu wrote more than 30 poems in Huazhou. Du Fu traveled several times and finally arrived in Chengdu. With the help of Yan Wu and others, he built a thatched cottage on the bank of Huanhua Creek in the west of the city. It was called "Du Fu Thatched Cottage" and also known as "Huahua Thatched Cottage". After being recommended by Yan Wu as the festival capital, the family lived in Fengjie County, Sichuan Province. [12]

　　 In the spring of the second year of Guangde (764), Yan Wu re-built Shu, and Du Fu again

　　 Du Fu Thatched Cottage

　　 Du Fu Thatched Cottage

　　 went back to the cottage, and had been wandering outside for nearly two years. Yan Wu recommended Du Fu as a member of the school's engineering department, and served as Yan Wu's adviser. Later generations also referred to Du Fu as the Department of Engineering. Soon Du Fu resigned again. In the past five or six years, Du Fu was still living under a fence. He said: "The book of Hou Lu's deceased person is cut off, and the hungry and juvenile are desolate." ("The Madman") "The idiot does not know the gift of father and son. "He used some details of his life to show his hardship in life. He said that his children, who are not yet sensible, don’t know how to respect their fathers, and don’t know how to respect their fathers. When they are hungry, whether they are fathers or not, do they have to follow them. Father and son’s gift, when hungry, they clamored for food, cried outside the east gate, and in the autumn storm, Du Fu’s hut was dilapidated, and his old wife was hungry, and he could not sleep all night. He wrote "The hut was broken by the autumn wind." .

　　 In April of the third year of Guangde (765), Yan Wu died and Du Fu left Chengdu. Via Jiazhou (Leshan), Rongzhou (Yibin), Yuzhou (Chongqing), Zhongzhou (Zhongxian), Yunan (Yunyang), arrived at Kuizhou (Fengjie) in the first year of the Zongda calendar year (766) of the Tang Dynasty. Due to the care of the governor of Kuizhou, Bai Maolin, Du Fu was able to temporarily live here and manage 100 hectares of Dongtun public land for the public family. He also rented some public land, bought 40 acres of orchards, and hired a few hired workers. UU Reading www.uukananshu.com I and my family also participate in some labor. During this period, the poet's creation reached a climax. In less than two years, he composed more than 430 poems, accounting for 30% of the existing works. During this period, his works included a large number of masterpieces such as "Happy Rain on a Spring Night", "Song of the Thatched House Broken by the Autumn Wind", "Shu Xiang", "Wen Guanjun Receiving Henan and Hebei" and "Climbing High". One of the most famous verses is: "There are tens of thousands of buildings in Ande's Guangsha, and the world is full of joy." And in "Climbing": "The boundless fall of the woods, the endless Yangtze River rolls over" is a masterpiece of the ages. [11][13]

　　 passing away in the boat

　　Dali three years (768), Du Fu was homesick, went out of the gorge on a boat, first went to Jiangling, then transferred to the police, drifted to Yueyang, Hunan at the end of the winter, and moored downstairs in Yueyang, Hunan. Climbing up to the long-awaited Yueyang Tower, overlooking the vast expanse of smoke, facing the magnificent Dongting Lake, thinking that I was wandering in my old age, the country was troubled and troubled, and I was full of emotions, so I wrote "Deng Yueyang Tower"[ 14]. Due to difficulties in life, not only could he not return north, but he was also forced to travel south. In the first month of the fourth year of the Dali calendar, from Yueyang to Tanzhou (Changsha), from Tanzhou to Hengzhou (Hengyang), and back to Tanzhou.

In the fifth year of the Dali period (770 years), Zang Jie made trouble in Tanzhou, and Du Fu fled to Hengzhou. He planned to go to Chenzhou to join his uncle Cui Niao, but when he traveled to Leiyang, the river surged, he had to stop at Fangtianyi for five days. After eating, fortunately the county magistrate Nie sent someone to bring meat and wine and was saved. Later, Du Fu had to travel more than two hundred miles upstream from Leiyang to Chenzhou. At this time, the flood did not recede. Du Fu was originally determined to return to the north. At this time, he changed his plan, went down the river and turned back to Tanzhou. In the winter of the fifth year of Dali (770), Du Fu died on a small boat from Tanzhou to Yueyang. [11] He was fifty-nine years old. [15]