Chapter 3050 adamas (3)

The Battle of Britain broke out in 1940. It was the largest air battle in human history. Major Townsend participated as a front-line pilot.

Possibly due to the intensity of his past participation in the war, or the subsequent post-traumatic stress reaction, he looked much older than his actual age when he retired in 1944, looking slightly haggard and not as youthful as the Beatles.

　Buckingham Palace was bombed by the Luftwaffe during the air war, but the royal family did not move to Canada.

At that time, there were no night fighter jets in London, and night air defense could only rely on anti-aircraft guns and searchlights. Similarly, the Germans did not have guided bombs, and due to the foggy weather in the UK, the field of vision was also limited. Many times the planes were roughly aimed and dropped bombs. The Germans did not specifically avoid Buckingham Palace and the Prime Minister's Office, and they bombed them even if they wanted to. No.

At that time, a plane happened to hit Buckingham Palace, but the queen walked out of the ruins calmly, talking and laughing with people.

 The limits of airspace are based on ground limits. Although air can flow like water, it is part of the country.

When Townsend entered Buckingham Palace, the palace had not been completely rebuilt, and many of the previous staff had not returned, or they were not yet sure whether the Germans would fly planes to bomb Buckingham Palace again, and the Allied forces had not yet landed in Normandy. , victory still seems slim.

So the attendants selected by the king were strictly selected from families or the army with traditional aristocratic education. However, he still felt dissatisfied. He wanted to recruit someone with rich combat experience and wanted to find a good job after retirement. Townsend happened to catch a good time.

Nobles all have to go to the front line. In addition to riding horses, which are higher than infantry, knights also have to follow the king and lords to fight. If they make military exploits, they will be rewarded, and the reward is land.

According to the records of ancient Roman law, because the Romans continued to suffer from slavery, an obligation was created for every "Roman citizen" to "favor emancipation." This was not a positive legal obligation, but a "natural obligation." equitable” obligation.

 There was a slave who obtained his freedom in a will on condition that he pay his heir 10 gold coins. But he was granted unconditional liberty in a codicil of which he was unaware.

 Many years later, it seemed that the truth had been clarified, and he planned to file a "return lawsuit" to get back the 10 gold coins.

The jurists discussed "reasons of justice". If the ten gold coins could be requested to be returned, what was the correct basis for this view?

 “Action for restitution” is an ancient civil law content that existed during the period of the Law of the Twelve Tables, and has been implemented in Roman law from beginning to end. Ownership is the most complete right of control over the "thing" enjoyed by the right holder. However, if the thing is controlled by others, the owner's "control" cannot be realized. Therefore, when others illegally possess the property, it is allowed to file a "return action". Litigation" provides relief to the owner who has lost actual possession of the property.

In 1481, there was a landowner who filed a lawsuit against his lord because the lord planned to evict him. His defender argued in the ordinary court based on the principle of "action for restitution" and asked the lord to Provide relief to tenants.

Since the "return action" is a civil law, a slave cannot file a lawsuit against the citizens. The freed slaves become citizens and are equal to the former slave owners.

When Weilan still had a personal dependence relationship with the lord, in addition to paying land rent, he also had to undertake labor services. For example, during busy farming periods, he had to give priority to working on the lord's own camp, harvesting, and baling. If he was lucky, he would meet a better lord. , Willan can take a sheaf of wheat.

 Under the Weiland system, tenants rented based on their status. After becoming a public shareholder, the tenants could not only rent the lord's own camp, but also did not have to perform labor service. However, the abolition of labor service was not the entire emancipation of serfs.

Just like the slave gained his freedom from the will, the public farmer got a copy, which also had the nature of a contract. He was no longer much different from a free farmer protected by common law.

The libertates used in Articles 13 and 60 of the Magna Carta are juxtaposed with consuetudines, meaning custom. In the tradition of medieval Britain, custom was the main form of law. The two used together mean that it has legal status and is obtained by the king. Commitment to respect.

 A person can lose his freedom for many reasons. The Canaanites in Genesis Chapter 47 encountered a drought. They not only lost their gold, silver and livestock, but also their personal freedom. They lived by the Nile River with lush water and grass.

Although the Egyptians were still free, they were moved to the other end of the city by the Pharaoh. Planting in Egypt was related to the flooding of the Nile River, and the land in places where the flooding did not occur would be relatively barren. But they had no seeds for farming and living in the coming year, so they needed to find "relief" from Pharaoh, and Joseph made a rule. From then on, one-fifth of the Egyptians' annual harvest must be given to Pharaoh.

Free peasants would receive a piece of land from the lord who performed military service for them, and maintain the relationship between lord and vassal by retaining the land, but they did not need to perform labor service like Weilan, and instead served as lord or vassal on the battlefield. A knight's squire or attendant, helping to put on and take off armor. Knights and low-level nobles would also receive a piece of land from the lord, but they would not directly engage in agricultural cultivation like free farmers.

 Free peasants have the freedom to move and dispose of property. In actual life, the degree of freedom of free peasants is relative. They also have to pay symbolic rent such as roses to the lord.

 The common law courts only heard cases involving freehold land, and free farmers were placed under the royal court system. Justice Bryan, who heard the case, held that "every tenant evicted in England, I understand, could have an action against his lord for trespass when the lord evicted him, so long as he paid his obligations and services. "

Of course, a public farmer cannot be like a manor owner and pick up a shotgun and shoot at the railway company surveyors who intrude on his property, but that's about it.

If in a city, a tenant rents a house from a landlord, the landlord cannot enter the "tenant's home" from the date the lease is concluded to the end of the lease. Even if the house belongs to him, it will still constitute an illegal intrusion. .

In England, there is a ban on eviction of tenants by landlords through no fault of the tenant. Even if they want to increase the rent, they have to wait until the lease expires.

In the Arnold Miller case, what is involved is exclusive rights, which are exclusive to third parties. Although they also have legally permitted disposal rights, they are also limited to a limited extent.

For the excluded person (Arnold), he either feels that he has been violated or hindered, so he either wants damages or wants the party exercising exclusive rights to stop using the "object that belongs to him" Although in practice "compensation for damages" and "behavior of restricting someone from doing things" are closely connected and appear continuously, they must be distinguished in law.

In other words, a distinction must be made between the "compensation" given to Russ in the name of supporting his research and the behavior of restricting Severus Snape from shifting the responsibility to him, even though Sparky was indeed Russ's son from the Arctic. Come.

 Under the principle of participation, every party involved must be treated the same, just like both husband and wife have parental rights over their children. The husband cannot prevent his wife from seeing the children, and the wife cannot prevent her husband from seeing the children.

  If a person is restricted from “illegal use” because he has exercised his property rights and damaged the use of his neighbor’s property, it is also an obstacle to his right of free disposal given by the law.

 That's why Lao Tzu said in the Tao Te Ching that "living in a good place" is a good place. How can we cultivate our moral character and be quiet and inactive when people around us are quarreling over trivial matters every day?

Windsor does not have as many tourists as Buckingham Palace, but the jewelry exhibition celebrating the Queen's 60th birthday is not held there, etc...

“The Queen is 60 years old this year, and the secret must be kept for 50 years. When she was 10 years old, the housekeeper discussed the territory with her?” Pomona asked.

"Why can't you ask?" Severus asked. "The king and queen are both busy."

Pomona is starting to remember again, 50 years ago, 50 years ago...

 “George V passed away due to illness.” Severus reminded him “kindly”.

“Oh, George V, of course,” Pomona said in realization.

"This exhibition only has gemstones, not stamp collections. I heard that he is a stamp collector, and all his stamps were inherited by the Queen." Severus said.

 “Where did you hear that?” Pomona asked.

 “I have a social life, too,” Severus said.

Sure, go to the Malfoy house.

Pomona cursed, and at this moment the chickens in the chicken shed started to make noise again. Two roosters started fighting, and their feathers flew everywhere.

 “Are you interested in collecting stamps?” Pomona asked.

 He shook his head.

 “I didn’t expect you to be so vindictive.”

 “I didn’t!” Pomona denied.

"Then why do you still remember what happened when you were a child?" He asked immediately, as if he had caught her.

 “Am I remembering wrong?” Pomona asked.

 He did not speak for a long time.

"Why don't you deny it?" she asked triumphantly, not knowing why she was so triumphant.

 “Because that’s the truth,” he said with a sly smile.

 Pomona looked at him suspiciously.

 He smiled even more proudly, as if he knew something she didn't.

 (End of this chapter)